Educational Leadership Research

Abstract The present study aimed to design and validate a resilience model for elementary schools. This research utilized an exploratory mixed-methods approach (qualitative-quantitative). The qualitative sample consisted of 17 academic experts and exemplary teachers and principals from West Azerbaijan province, selected through purposive sampling based on theoretical saturation. In the quantitative phase, the statistical population included all elementary school teachers in Urmia during the 2024-2025 academic year, with 346 participants selected through stratified random sampling using Cochran's formula. Data collection instruments included semi-structured interviews in the qualitative phase and a researcher-made questionnaire in the quantitative phase. Interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis in MAXQDA2020, while quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS26 and Smart-PLS3. Qualitative findings revealed that the resilience model for elementary schools comprises eight overarching themes: infrastructural factors, structural factors, managerial factors, cultural factors, pedagogical factors, teacher agency, student resilience, and stakeholder support. Quantitative results demonstrated that all observed variables had acceptable factor loadings on their respective latent variables and were significant at the 0.01 level. The Goodness of Fit (GOF) index value of 0.622 indicated a favorable fit for the overall research model. The designed model can effectively enhance the quality and resilience of the educational system.

Abstract In educational environments, each employee who plays a role in learning is considered an educational leader and must be able to create a favorable environment by assisting those who play a role in education to achieve the goals of these institutions. The development of organizations, especially educational institutions, happens in environments with no discouraging and toxic factors. The present descriptive-normative study was conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the Toxic Educational Environment Questionnaire (Rasoul et al., 2021). The statistical population of this study was 1556 educational-cultural employees from Education Organization in Sarab, Iran. Based on the Krejcie and Morgan’s table and corresponding to the size of the community, data were collected from 351 available individuals. The relative size of gender and city were considered in the sample. Given that educational experts agreed on the criteria of comprehensiveness, transparency, and appropriateness, the content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed. In addition, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability calculation, and correlation of subscales with each other and with the entire questionnaire were used to analyze the data. The findings from exploratory factor analysis indicated that the questionnaire was saturated with three factors. Confirmatory factor analysis also indicated a favorable fit of the three-factor structure with the data. Cronbach's alpha coefficient values for the entire questionnaire and the bullying, harassment, and ostracism subscales indicated that the instrument was reliable. Overall, the results of the study indicate the desirability of the stability and validity of the Toxic Educational Environment Questionnaire and its applicability as a valid instrument.

Abstract هدف این مطالعه مدل یابی عوامل اثرگذار بر مدرسه فضیلت مدار با استفاده از رویکردداده بنیاد بود. در این مطالعه، از روش تحقیق کیفی استفاده شد و و داده‌ها با استفاده مصاحبه با معلمان نمونه، مدیران نمونه ، سرگروههای آموزشی و اساتید دانشگاه فرهنگیان استان اردبیل جمع‌آوری شد. در مرحله کیفی با 17 نفر از معلمان نمونه، مدیران نمونه، سرگروه های آموزشی و اساتید دانشگاه فرهنگیان اردبیل در موضوع پژوهش مصاحبه شد؛ طی سه مرحله تحلیل داده‌های کیفی، کدگذاری باز، محوری و انتخابی، 15 مقوله کلی به صورت مدل مفهومی در قالب شش طبقه فراگیر شرایط علی، مقوله محوری، راهبردها، عوامل زمینه‌ای، عوامل مداخله‌گر و پیامدها به دست آمد که در قالب یک الگو، عوامل اثرگذار بر مدرسه فضیلت مدار با استفاده از رویکرد داده بنیاده رامنعکس می‌نماید. پس از اجرای مصاحبه و کدگذاری باز و محوری در مرحله کیفی؛ 3 عامل کلی (فردی، درون مدرسه ای و برون مدرسه ای) و 7 مولفه (عوامل فردی، مدیریتی، فرهنگی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، سیاسی، قانونی) موثر در ایجاد مدرسه فضیلت مدار شناسایی شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان‌دهنده 15 مقوله کلی شامل شرایط علی (عوامل فردی، مدیریتی)، شرایط زمینه‏ای (عوامل اجتماعی، اقتصادی، سیاسی و فرهنگی)، شرایط مداخله‌گر (‌عوامل قانونی)، مقوله محوری (مدرسه فضیلت مدار)، راهبردهای استقرار مدرسه فضیلت مدار (آموزش و توانمندسازی، حمایت های مادی و معنوی، تقویت روابط و مشارکت جمعی) و پیامدها (فردی، سازمانی، اجتماعی و شغلی سازمانی) بود که الگوی عوامل مؤثر بر مدرسه فضیلت مدار در بین معلمان مقطع ابتدایی شهرستان اردبیل و روابط بین ابعاد مختلف آن را منعکس می‌کرد.